NETZSCH - Leading Thermal Analysis.
 

 

netzsch


METHODS OF THERMAL ANALYSIS (TA)

 

Thermal analysis includes a group of methods by which the physical and chemical properties of a substance, a mixture and/or reaction mixtures are determined as a function of temperature or time, while the sample is subjected to a controlled temperature program. The program may involve heating or cooling (dynamic), or holding the temperature constant (isothermal), or any combination of these.

The adjective is thermoanalytical. The graphic result is the thermal analysis curve.
See, for example, German standards DIN 51005 (nomenclature) or American standard ASTM E 473 (nomenclature).



DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS (DTA)
DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY (DSC)
DIN 51007, DIN 53765, ASTM E 474, ASTM D 3418

These are techniques by which the difference in heat flow to or from a sample and to or from a reference is monitored as a function of temperature or time, while the sample is subjected to a controlled temperature program. 

Applications:
characteristic temperatures
identification
glass transitions
melting and crystallization behavior
heat of melting and crystallization
purity
compatibility
polymorphism
solid-liquid ratio
specific heat capacity
reaction behavior
heat of reaction
reaction kinetics
oxidative stability
thermal stability

Instruments:
DSC 204 Phoenix®
DSC 200-F3 Maia®
DSC 204 HP
DSC 404 C Pegasus®
DTA 404
STA 449 C Jupiter®

 

Top

DSC  TG  STA  DIL  DMA  PTA  TCT  LFA  RUL


THERMOGRAVIMETRY (TG)
DIN 51006, ASTM E 914, ASTM E 1131

This is a technique by which the mass of the sample is monitored as a function of temperature or time, while the sample is subjected to a controlled temperature program.

Dm = mass change
dm/dt = rate of mass change/decomposition
DTG = derivative thermogravimetry
DTG Peak = characteristic decomposition temperatures Æ identification
Tonset = thermal stability
composition = moisture content, solvent content, additives, polymer content, filler content
dehydration
decarboxylation
oxidation
decomposition
Instruments:
TG 209 C-IRIS®
TG 439
STA 449 C Jupiter®
STA 409-PC Luxx®

 

Top

DSC  TG  STA  DIL  DMA  PTA  TCT  LFA  RUL


SIMULTANEOUS THERMAL ANALYSIS
This technique combines thermogravimetry with differential thermal analysis or differential scanning calorimetry in one run. - possible to consider the real sample mass at a given temperature in Cp determination
- no temperature differences between signals of TG and DTA/DSC measurement

Instruments:
STA 449 C Jupiter®
STA 409 C
STA 409-PC Luxx®

 

Top

DSC  TG  STA  DIL  DMA  PTA  TCT  LFA  RUL


 

THERMOMECHANICAL ANALYSIS (TMA)
DILATOMETRY (DIL)

DIN 51045, ASTM E 831, ASTM D 696, ASTM D 3386

This is a technique by which the dimensional changes of the sample are monitored as a function of temperature or time, while the sample may be subjected to an additional mechanical load.

- negligible mechanical load Æ dilatometry
- constant load Æ (static) thermomechanical analysis
- oscillating force Æ dynamic mechanical analysis

DL = length change
DL / L0 = relative length change
a = coefficient of linear thermal expansion
Tg = glass transition temperature
expansion/shrinkage/penetration behavior
dimensional stability Æ design purposes
softening/curing behavior
volumetric expansion (Þ bulk density)

Instrument:
TMA 202
DIL 402 C
DIL 402 PC
DIL 402 E/7
TMA 402

 

Top

DSC  TG  STA  DIL  DMA  PTA  TCT  LFA  RUL


DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS (DMA)
DIN 53513, DIN 53440, ASTM D 4065, ASTM D 4092

This is a thermoanalytical method by which the mechanical behavior of a sample subjected to a specific temperature program is investigated under the effect of a load which changes with time.

Determination of the storage and loss moduli and the damping factor of a sample as a function of temperature, time and frequency of an applied oscillating load.

Instrument:
DMA 242

 

Top

DSC  TG  STA  DIL  DMA  PTA  TCT  LFA  RUL


COMBINED (HYPHENATED) TECHNIQUES

With these thermoanalytical methods, the gases evolved from the sample during a thermal analysis experiment are detected/analyzed.Instruments:
TG 209 - QMS Capillary (RT...1000°C)
TG 209 - FTIR (RT...1000°C)

STA 449 C Jupiter® - QMS Capillary (RT...1650°C)
STA 449 C Jupiter® - FTIR (RT...1500°C)

STA 409 - QMS Skimmer (RT...2000°C)
STA 409 - QMS Capillary (RT...2000°C)
STA 409 - FTIR (RT...1500°C)

PTA® 403/6

 

Top

DSC  TG  STA  DIL  DMA  PTA  TCT  LFA  RUL


 

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY TESTING
ISO 8894, EN 993-14/15 (DIN 51046)

This thermoanalytical method allows the measurement of the thermal conductivity of a sample (solid or powder) as a function of temperature.

Instruments:
TCT 416 (near RT)
TCT 426 (RT...1500°C)

 

Top

DSC  TG  STA  DIL  DMA  PTA  TCT  LFA  RUL


 

THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY MEASUREMENT (Laser Flash Method)

This is a thermoanalytical method which measures the thermal diffusivity of the sample (solid, liquid or powder) at constant temperatures while monitoring the temperature increase of the sample caused by the absorbed energy of a laser flash.

Instrument:
LFA 427 (-50...2000°C)

 

Top

DSC  TG  STA  DIL  DMA  PTA  TCT  LFA  RUL


 

REFRACTORIES TESTING (RUL, CIC, MOR)
Refractoriness Under Load (RUL):  ISO 1893, EN 993-8 (DIN 51053)
Creep In Compression (CIC):  ISO 3187, EN 993-9 (DIN 51053)
Hot Modulus of Rupture (HMOR):  ISO 5013, EN 993-7 (DIN 51048)

This thermoanalytical test method is used for the determination of refractoriness under load (RUL), creep in compression (CIC) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of solid samples.

Instruments:
RUL 421 (RT...1700°C)
MOR 422 (RT...1500°C)

 

Top

DSC  TG  STA  DIL  DMA  PTA  TCT  LFA  RUL

 


NETZSCH offers precision thermal analysis instruments including advanced dilatometers (with a new basic R&D/QC dilatometer), classical DSC & TGA (with a new economical DSC), high temperature DSC to 1650°C for specific heat, very high temperature STA (TGA-DSC/DTA) to 2400°C (featuring the new STA 409-PC Luxx®), thermal / evolved gas analysis with fully-integrated FTIR & MS, plus high resolution TMA and DMA. We also feature leading technology for thermal conductivity and diffusivity measurement as well as refractories testing including HMOR, CIC, and RUL.

Information Request Form
Home
  Methods  Products  Service 

NETZSCH Group


Last update: 06/16/2008 , Copyright © 2000-2006 NETZSCH-Geraetebau GmbH